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101 khái niệm cần biết trong lập trình web

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  1. Internet: A global network of interconnected computers and servers that communicate with each other using standardized protocols.
  2. Internet Protocol (IP) Suite: A set of communication protocols used for the internet, including TCP, UDP, and IP.
  3. IP Address: A unique numerical address assigned to each device on a network, used for communication and identification.
  4. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): A protocol that ensures reliable, error-checked data transfer between devices over the internet.
  5. Packets and Data Link (Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model): The OSI model is a conceptual framework for understanding how data is transmitted over a network. Packets are small units of data, and the data link layer is responsible for transmitting them between devices.
  6. World Wide Web (WWW): A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet, using web browsers and HTTP.
  7. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): A protocol used for transferring data over the web, including requests and responses between clients and servers.
  8. Uniform Resource Locator (URL): A web address used to identify and locate resources on the internet, such as web pages, images, and files.
  9. Browser: A software application used to access and display web pages, such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari.
  10. Client: A device or software that sends requests to a server to access resources or services, such as a web browser.
  11. Server: A device or software that provides resources or services to clients, such as a web server or database server.
  12. HTTP Request: A message sent from a client to a server to request a resource or service, such as a web page or data.
  13. HTTP Response: A message sent from a server to a client in response to an HTTP request, containing the requested resource or data.
  14. HTTP Messages: The format and structure of HTTP requests and responses, including headers, bodies, and status codes.
  15. Domain Name: A unique name used to identify a website or online resource, such as example.com.
  16. Registrar: A company or organization responsible for managing domain name registrations, such as GoDaddy or Namecheap.
  17. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN): A non-profit organization responsible for coordinating the global domain name system (DNS).
  18. Domain Name System (DNS): A system that translates domain names into IP addresses, allowing users to access websites using easy-to-remember domain names instead of IP addresses.
  19. HyperText Markup Language (HTML): A standard markup language used to create web pages, defining the structure and content of web documents.
  20. Dev Tools: Software tools used by web developers to build, test, and debug web applications, such as code editors, debuggers, and version control systems.
  21. Code Editor: A software application used to write, edit, and manage code, such as Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text, or Atom.
  22. HTML Elements: The building blocks of HTML documents, including tags, attributes, and content, used to define the structure and content of web pages.
  23. HTML Forms: A way to collect user input on a web page, using form elements such as text fields, checkboxes, and buttons.
  24. HTML Attributes: Additional information added to HTML elements to provide more context or functionality, such as the href attribute for links.
  25. Anchor tag: An HTML element used to create hyperlinks, allowing users to navigate between web pages.
  26. Document Object Model (DOM): A programming interface for HTML and XML documents, representing the structure and content of a document as a tree-like data structure.
  27. Head: The top section of an HTML document, containing metadata about the document, such as the title, character encoding, and links to external stylesheets or scripts.
  28. Body: The main content section of an HTML document, containing the visible content of the web page.
  29. Accessibility and Semantics: The practice of making web content accessible to all users, including those with disabilities, by using semantic HTML elements and providing alternative text for images and other media.
  30. Div tag: A generic HTML element used to group other elements and apply styles or scripts to them.
  31. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): A styling language used to control the layout, appearance, and behavior of web pages, using selectors, properties, and values.
  32. Inline Style: A way to apply CSS styles directly to an HTML element, using the style attribute.
  33. CSS properties: The characteristics of an element that can be styled using CSS, such as color, font-size, or background-image.
  34. Cascade: The way CSS styles are applied to elements, with more specific styles overriding less specific ones.
  35. Style Tag: An HTML element used to define a block of CSS styles, either internally or externally.
  36. Selector: A way to target specific HTML elements in CSS, using classes, IDs, or attribute selectors.
  37. Class: A way to group HTML elements and apply styles or scripts to them, using the class attribute.
  38. CSS Specificity: A system used to determine which CSS styles are applied to an element, based on the specificity of the selector.
  39. External Stylesheet: A separate file containing CSS styles, linked to an HTML document using the link tag.
  40. Box Model: A conceptual model used to describe the layout and sizing of HTML elements, including the content area, padding, border, and margin.
  41. Block: A type of HTML element that occupies the full width of its parent container, such as a div or p element.
  42. Inline: A type of HTML element that only occupies the space needed for its content, such as a span or a element.
  43. Relative positioning: A way to position an element relative to its normal position, using the position: relative property.
  44. Absolute positioning: A way to position an element relative to its nearest positioned ancestor, using the position: absolute property.
  45. Fixed positioning: A way to position an element relative to the viewport, using the position: fixed property.
  46. Responsive Layout: A design approach that allows web pages to adapt to different screen sizes and devices, using media queries and flexible layouts.
  47. Media Query: A way to apply different styles or layouts based on specific conditions, such as screen size or device type.
  48. Flexbox: A layout mode that allows elements to be laid out in a flexible and responsive way, using the display: flex property.
  49. Grid Layout: A layout mode that allows elements to be laid out in a grid, using the display: grid property.
  50. calc() function: A CSS function that allows you to perform calculations on values, such as calculating the width of an element.
  51. Custom Properties: A way to define custom CSS properties, using the -- prefix.
  52. Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets (SASS): A preprocessor that allows you to write more efficient and modular CSS code, using variables, mixins, and functions.
  53. JavaScript: A programming language used for client-side scripting, creating interactive web pages, and developing desktop and mobile applications.
  54. Script Tag: An HTML element used to define a block of JavaScript code, either internally or externally.
  55. Defer attribute: An attribute that allows you to delay the execution of a script until the page has finished loading.
  56. ECMAScript: The official standard for the JavaScript language, maintained by the Ecma International organization.
  57. Let keyword: A keyword used to declare a variable with block scope, introduced in ECMAScript 2015.
  58. Const keyword: A keyword used to declare a constant variable, introduced in ECMAScript 2015.
  59. Dynamically Typed: A language that does not require explicit type definitions for variables, such as JavaScript.
  60. TypeScript: A superset of JavaScript that adds optional static typing and other features, developed by Microsoft.
  61. Events: A way to respond to user interactions or other events in a web page, using event listeners and handlers.
  62. Browser API: A set of APIs provided by web browsers, allowing developers to interact with the browser and its features, such as the DOM, storage, and networking.
  63. Event Listener: A function that is called in response to an event, such as a click or keypress.
  64. Functions and Data Structures: The building blocks of programming, including functions, arrays, objects, and other data structures.
  65. Array: A data structure that stores a collection of values, such as numbers, strings, or objects.
  66. Object: A data structure that stores a collection of key-value pairs, such as a person's name, age, and address.
  67. Primitive types: The basic data types in a programming language, such as numbers, strings, and booleans.
  68. Prototypal Inheritance: A mechanism that allows objects to inherit properties and behavior from other objects, used in JavaScript and other languages.
  69. Classes: A way to define a blueprint for objects, using constructors, methods, and properties.
  70. Frontend Framework: A set of tools and libraries that help developers build web applications, such as React, Angular, or Vue.js.
  71. Components: A way to break down a web application into smaller, reusable pieces, such as UI components or widgets.
  72. Declarative Code: A programming style that focuses on what the code should do, rather than how it should do it, used in frameworks like React and Angular.
  73. Imperative Code: A programming style that focuses on the steps needed to achieve a goal, used in languages like JavaScript and Python.
  74. NodeJS: A JavaScript runtime environment that allows developers to run JavaScript on the server-side, using an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model.
  75. V8 Engine: A JavaScript engine developed by Google, used in Node.js and Google Chrome.
  76. Event Loop: A mechanism that allows Node.js to handle multiple events and tasks concurrently, using a single thread.
  77. Node Package Manager (NPM): A package manager for Node.js, allowing developers to easily install and manage dependencies.
  78. Module: A self-contained piece of code that provides a specific functionality, such as a library or a plugin.
  79. Export statement: A statement that allows a module to expose its functionality to other modules or applications.
  80. Import statement: A statement that allows a module to use functionality from other modules or applications.
  81. Server-Side Rendering (SSR): A technique that allows web applications to render content on the server, before sending it to the client.
  82. HTTP Methods: A set of methods used to interact with resources on a server, such as GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE.
  83. Status Code: A code that indicates the result of an HTTP request, such as 200 (OK), 404 (Not Found), or 500 (Internal Server Error).
  84. 404 Not Found: A status code that indicates a requested resource was not found on the server.
  85. Single-page application (SPA): A web application that loads a single HTML page and updates the content dynamically, using JavaScript and APIs.
  86. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON): A lightweight data interchange format, used for exchanging data between web servers and web applications.
  87. Static-Site Generation (SSG): A technique that allows web applications to generate static HTML files, which can be served directly by a web server.
  88. Hydration: The process of updating a static web page with dynamic data, using JavaScript and APIs.
  89. First Contentful Paint (FCP) & Time to Interactive (TTI): Metrics that measure the performance of a web page, including the time it takes to render the first content and become interactive.
  90. Fullstack Framework: A set of tools and libraries that help developers build complete web applications, including frontend and backend components.
  91. Module Bundlers: Tools that help developers manage and optimize JavaScript code, such as Webpack, Rollup, or Parcel.
  92. Linter: A tool that checks code for errors, warnings, and best practices, such as ESLint or TSLint.
  93. Database: A system that stores and manages data, such as a relational database (RDBMS) or a NoSQL database.
  94. User Authentication: The process of verifying a user's identity, using credentials such as usernames, passwords, or biometric data.
  95. Web Server: A software application that serves web pages, handles HTTP requests, and provides resources to clients.
  96. Localhost: A hostname that refers to the local machine, used for testing and development purposes.
  97. Cloud: A model of delivering computing resources over the internet, on-demand and pay-per-use, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) or Microsoft Azure.
  98. Containers: A lightweight and portable way to deploy applications, using containerization technologies such as Docker.
  99. Infrastructure as a service (IAAS) / Platform-as-a-Service (PAAS) / Backend-as-a-Service (BAAS) / Software as a service (SAAS): Different models of cloud computing, providing varying levels of control and management.
  100. World Wide Web-based on blockchain technology (Web3): A decentralized and distributed web, using blockchain technology to enable secure, transparent, and censorship-resistant interactions.
  101. Google it!: A humorous way to say "search for it on Google", implying that the answer can be easily found online.